KASHMIR AND JAMMU – BARAMULA & ANANTNAG DISTRICTS SEASON 1911 – PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF COLONEL S G BURRARD SURVEYOR GENERAL OF INDIA 1913

Surveyor General: Colonel S. G. Burrard
Publisher: The Survey Of India, Calcutta
Price: £200
Publication Date: 1913
Edition: First edition
Format: Heliozincograph
Condition: In good condition, unframed
Sheet Size: Sheet Size: 44.7cm x 58.8cm
Scale: 1 inch to 1 mile: 1:63360

Condition:

Original fold lines into 16 sections with minor age toning and marks. Wear to fold intersections with a small amount of loss. Archive repairs verso. Reverse is blank with very minor age toning and marks and a short description in pencil. In original and unrestored condition. Exceptionally scarce.

Location: Map Drawer C: FS: Folder 1220 002452

Description:

A detailed map, numbered 43 J/11 with a focus on Wular Lake. Includes single line and double line railways, mineral lines and tramways and telegraph lines. Cart tracks, camel-tracks and trade routes are also shown along with mule-paths and footpaths. The key is useful, showing limits of cultivation, camping grounds, inspection bungalows, rest houses and circuit houses. Forts, watch-towers, mines and deserted villages are also shown. The JISC Library hub finds no copies British institutional libraries.

The 1911 Survey of Baramula And Anantnag Districts: A Short Description

The 1911 Survey of Kashmir and Jammu, particularly focusing on the Anantnag and Baramulla districts, provides insight into the geographical and climatic characteristics of the region at the time. This survey was conducted as part of the British colonial administration’s efforts to map and document the territories of India, including the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, which had immense strategic importance due to its location between British India, China, and Central Asia.

Geographical Overview

The Anantnag and Baramulla districts are situated in the Kashmir Valley, a large intermontane valley in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent. The valley lies between the Pir Panjal Range to the southwest and the Himalayas to the northeast. The region is drained by the Jhelum River, which flows through both districts.

• Anantnag is located in the southern part of the valley and is known for its lush landscape, numerous springs (nag means “spring” in the local language), and a largely agrarian population. It sits at a lower elevation compared to Baramulla and has a more temperate climate.
• Baramulla, to the northwest, is situated at a higher altitude and is closer to the mountain ranges. The town of Baramulla was historically a gateway to Central Asia via the Jhelum Valley road. The district features more rugged terrain and proximity to the high-altitude mountain passes, which influences its seasonal weather patterns.

Seasonal Climate

The Kashmir Valley, including the Anantnag and Baramulla districts, experiences four distinct seasons: spring, summer, autumn, and winter. The 1911 survey likely documented the impact of these seasons on agriculture, travel, and daily life, as the climate had a significant influence on the region’s economy and social structure.

Spring (March to May)

Spring is one of the most celebrated seasons in Kashmir due to the blooming of flowers, particularly the famous Kashmiri tulips, almond blossoms, and apple orchards.

• Temperatures: The temperatures in Anantnag and Baramulla during spring are mild, ranging from around 10°C to 20°C (50°F to 68°F). The thawing of snow from the surrounding mountains contributes to the swelling of rivers like the Jhelum.
• Agriculture: Spring marks the beginning of the agricultural season, with fields being prepared for the paddy sowing in the summer. In both Anantnag and Baramulla, horticulture and farming activities ramp up as the snow melts and the soil becomes more workable.

Summer (June to August)

Summer is a busy time in the Kashmir Valley, with the warmer weather bringing an abundance of crops and fruits. In 1911, this would have been the most productive period for local agriculture and trade.

• Temperatures: Anantnag experiences warmer summers with temperatures ranging from 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F), while Baramulla, being at a higher elevation, enjoys slightly cooler temperatures ranging from 10°C to 25°C (50°F to 77°F).
• Monsoon Rains: Kashmir is on the edge of the Indian monsoon belt, and while the valley does not receive as much rainfall as other parts of northern India, summer does bring some rainfall. This is particularly crucial for irrigation.
• Agriculture and Livelihood: Summer is the peak growing season for rice, maize, and other crops. The fertile soil and plentiful water supply from the Jhelum and its tributaries support a wide range of crops. The valleys around Anantnag are especially known for their rice fields and apple orchards, while Baramulla has more terraced fields due to its hilly terrain.

Autumn (September to November)

Autumn in Kashmir is characterised by golden hues as the leaves of the chinar trees and other deciduous trees turn orange and red. This is a time of harvest and preparation for the colder months.

• Temperatures: The temperatures begin to cool down, with Anantnag and Baramulla seeing temperatures between 10°C to 20°C (50°F to 68°F). The weather is generally pleasant but starts becoming cooler towards the end of November.
• Harvest Season: Autumn is the most important season for harvesting crops such as rice, maize, and apples. The survey in 1911 would likely have noted this as a period of intense agricultural activity. The saffron fields around Pampore (near Anantnag) also bloom during this time, with saffron being a key product of the region.

Winter (December to February)

Winter is a harsh season in the Kashmir Valley, particularly in Baramulla, which experiences heavier snowfall due to its proximity to the mountains.

• Temperatures: Winter temperatures in Anantnag range from -5°C to 10°C (23°F to 50°F), while in Baramulla, temperatures can drop as low as -10°C (14°F), especially in the higher-altitude areas. The entire valley experiences cold weather, and snow covers much of the landscape.
• Snowfall: Baramulla sees heavier snowfall compared to Anantnag. Snow plays a critical role in replenishing the water supply, as the snowmelt in spring feeds the rivers and irrigation systems. Winter also made travel difficult, particularly in the more remote areas of Baramulla.
• Livelihoods: During winter, many outdoor activities like farming halt, and people rely on stored produce from the previous harvest. Woollen products, including those made from pashmina and Kashmiri shawls, were historically significant during this time, both for local use and trade.

Impact of the 1911 Survey

The 1911 survey would have documented these seasonal variations and their impact on the region’s infrastructure, agriculture, and economy. This period was part of the broader effort by the British colonial government to map and understand the geography of Jammu and Kashmir for administrative, military, and economic purposes.

• Irrigation and Agriculture: The survey likely detailed the irrigation systems, especially around Anantnag, where springs and the Jhelum River played a vital role in supporting agriculture. In Baramulla, it would have noted the more rugged terrain and how that impacted farming practices.
• Transport and Communication: The harsh winters in Baramulla, especially in higher altitude areas, would have been a focus, as snow often blocked roads and disrupted communication. The survey would have highlighted the challenges of travel, particularly in winter months, and how this affected the movement of goods and people.

Conclusion

The 1911 Survey of Anantnag and Baramulla districts in Kashmir would have captured the distinct seasonal cycles of the region and their influence on agriculture, trade, and daily life. Each season brought its own challenges and opportunities, shaping the rhythm of life in the Kashmir Valley. The legacy of such surveys is invaluable in understanding how geography and climate influenced the development of one of the most picturesque and strategically important regions of the Indian subcontinent.

Wular Lake: A Brief Description

Wular Lake, located in the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir in northern India, is one of the largest freshwater lakes in Asia. It holds great ecological, cultural, and economic significance in the region. Here’s a detailed overview:

Geography and Formation

Wular Lake is situated in the Bandipora district, approximately 34 kilometres northwest of Srinagar, the summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir. The lake is fed primarily by the Jhelum River, which enters the lake from the south and exits from the western side. It covers an area that fluctuates between 30 and 260 square kilometres, depending on the season, with a length of about 24 kilometres and a maximum width of about 10 kilometres.

Wular Lake is a remnant of a larger body of water that once covered much of the Kashmir Valley. It was formed as a result of tectonic activity, likely due to the forces that shaped the Kashmir Valley itself. The lake’s location in the valley makes it a crucial part of the region’s hydrological system, regulating water levels and acting as a natural flood basin during times of high water flow from the Jhelum River.

Ecological Importance

Wular Lake is an important wetland and is recognised as a Ramsar site under the Ramsar Convention, an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands. The lake supports a rich variety of flora and fauna, making it a vital ecosystem for biodiversity.

• Birdlife: The lake is a haven for migratory birds, particularly during the winter months. Species such as geese, ducks, egrets, and herons frequent the lake, making it a critical stopover point for bird species on the Central Asian Flyway. It attracts birdwatchers and conservationists interested in wetland habitats.
• Aquatic Life: The lake supports a diverse range of fish species, which contribute significantly to the local economy. The most important species include common carp, snow trout, and Schizothorax (locally called Kashmiri fishes). Fishing is a primary livelihood for many local communities who live around the lake.
• Vegetation: The lake is surrounded by willows and other aquatic vegetation, which play an essential role in stabilising the shoreline and providing habitat for wildlife. However, increasing siltation and encroachment over the years have led to changes in the lake’s ecosystem.

Cultural and Economic Significance

Wular Lake holds a deep cultural significance for the people of Kashmir. The communities around the lake have depended on its resources for centuries, particularly for fishing, farming, and collecting wood from the willow trees that grow along its shores.

1. Fisheries: Fishing is a major economic activity around Wular Lake. It sustains thousands of families who rely on the lake’s fish stocks for both subsistence and trade. The lake’s fisheries provide a significant portion of the fish consumed in the region.
2. Willow Plantations: Willows are grown around the lake and are harvested for use in traditional Kashmiri crafts, such as wickerwork and the production of cricket bats, which are renowned across India.
3. Agriculture: The lake also supports agricultural activities by providing water for irrigation. Farmers cultivate rice paddies and other crops near the lake, making it a crucial water source for the local economy.
4. Tourism: Although tourism around Wular Lake is not as developed as in other parts of Kashmir, it has potential due to the lake’s natural beauty and its significance as a birdwatching site. Efforts to promote ecotourism around the lake have been proposed as a means of balancing conservation with economic development.

Environmental Challenges

Despite its importance, Wular Lake faces several environmental challenges that threaten its health and sustainability:

1. Siltation: Over the years, large amounts of silt from the Jhelum River and surrounding agricultural lands have reduced the depth and area of the lake. This has caused the lake to shrink in size, reducing its capacity to store water and regulate floods.
2. Encroachment: Human activities, including the construction of buildings and agricultural expansion, have encroached upon the lake’s shores. This has degraded wetland habitats, leading to a loss of biodiversity.
3. Pollution: Pollution from nearby settlements and agricultural runoff has introduced toxins and nutrients into the lake, leading to issues such as eutrophication (the excessive growth of algae due to nutrient pollution). This depletes oxygen levels in the water, affecting fish and other aquatic life.
4. Climate Change: The effects of climate change, including altered rainfall patterns and rising temperatures, have added to the lake’s environmental stress. Changes in the seasonal flow of the Jhelum River can exacerbate issues such as flooding or water shortages.

Conservation Efforts

In recent years, efforts have been made to protect and restore Wular Lake. The Wular Conservation and Management Authority (WCMA) was established by the government to oversee the lake’s restoration and sustainable management.

• Dredging: One of the key conservation activities has been dredging the lake to remove excess silt and restore its depth. This helps improve water flow and fish habitats.
• Reforestation: Replanting willow trees and other native vegetation along the shoreline has been part of efforts to reduce soil erosion and stabilise the lake’s banks.
• Community Involvement: Engaging local communities in conservation efforts is also seen as a priority. This includes promoting sustainable fishing practices and limiting activities that contribute to pollution and habitat degradation.

Conclusion

Wular Lake is a vital ecological, cultural, and economic resource for the people of Kashmir. While it faces numerous environmental challenges, ongoing conservation efforts seek to preserve its biodiversity and sustain the livelihoods that depend on it. Its significance as one of Asia’s largest freshwater lakes ensures that Wular Lake remains an important focus for both regional development and environmental protection in India.

Colonel S. G. Burrard: A Short Biography

Colonel Sidney Gerald Burrard (1860–1943) was a prominent British geographer, geodesist, and surveyor, best known for his work as the Surveyor General of India from 1908 to 1919. His tenure at the Survey of India is remembered for significant contributions to the understanding and mapping of India’s complex terrain, particularly the Himalayas.

Key Contributions of Colonel Burrard:

1. Geodetic and Topographical Surveys:
   • Burrard was a leading figure in geodesy, the science of measuring and understanding the Earth’s geometric shape, orientation in space, and gravity field. His work on triangulation surveys in India was vital in improving the accuracy of maps, particularly in remote and mountainous regions like Kashmir and the Himalayas.
   • Under his direction, the Survey of India undertook some of its most challenging projects, mapping the difficult terrain of British India, including Kashmir, which required precise measurements and detailed topographical studies.
2. Study of the Himalayas:
   • One of Colonel Burrard’s most renowned areas of focus was the Himalayas, particularly in determining the heights of the major peaks. He was involved in refining measurements of Mount Everest and other significant summits, contributing to a better understanding of the region’s geography.
   • His co-authored work, “A Sketch of the Geography and Geology of the Himalaya Mountains and Tibet”, remains a notable publication, providing detailed analysis of the physical geography and geological features of the Himalayan region.
3. Publications and Theoretical Work:
   • Burrard published extensively on geodesy and geography. His research included discussions on the Great Trigonometrical Survey and its importance in the understanding of the Earth’s shape and the curvature of the Himalayas.
   • He was a key proponent of the theory of isostasy, which explained the balance of the Earth’s crust as it “floats” on the denser, underlying layers of the Earth’s mantle. His studies helped further the understanding of how mountain ranges like the Himalayas were supported by the Earth’s internal structure.
4. Survey of Kashmir:
   • During his tenure, the Survey of India published important surveys of the Kashmir Valley and other regions in northern India. The 1911 survey of Baramulla and Anantnag districts, which was published under Burrard’s direction in 1912, is an example of the detailed cartographic and geographical documentation carried out by his department.
   • These surveys were crucial for the British administration, as Kashmir’s strategic location made it a region of significant interest, not only for governance but also for military planning and economic development.
5. Recognition and Legacy:
   • For his services, Colonel Burrard was highly regarded by both his peers and the British government. His work laid the foundation for many subsequent advancements in geographical and geodetic sciences in India.
   • Burrard’s contributions continued to influence surveying and geographical practices in India well into the 20th century, with his legacy enduring in the field of geodesy and Himalayan studies.

Impact on British India:

Colonel Burrard’s tenure as Surveyor General coincided with a period when the British Empire placed immense importance on accurate mapping for both administrative and military purposes. The surveys carried out under his direction, including those in Kashmir and the North-West Frontier, were vital for understanding the physical landscape of one of the most geopolitically sensitive regions of the British Empire.

Burrard’s leadership in the Survey of India not only expanded the body of knowledge about India’s geography but also set standards for precision in surveying and mapping, which were essential for the governance, development, and defence of British India.

His work continues to be of historical importance, especially for geographers, historians, and those interested in colonial cartography. His surveys of Kashmir and other Himalayan regions remain key references in understanding the early 20th-century geography of these areas.

Heliozincography: A Short Description

Heliozincography is a printing process that was developed in the 19th century to reproduce maps, plans, and other illustrations with great detail. The term is derived from heliography (a photographic process using sunlight) and zincography (a method of printing using zinc plates).

Key Features of Heliozincography:

1. Combination of Photography and Printing:
   • Heliozincography involved transferring photographic images onto zinc plates, which could then be used to reproduce maps or drawings. The process started with a photograph of the original map or illustration, which was then used to prepare a printing plate.
2. Zinc Plates:
   • The process utilized zinc plates as the medium for printing, replacing traditional stone or copper plates that had been used earlier in lithography and engraving. Zinc offered a cheaper and faster alternative for producing detailed prints.
3. Application in Cartography:
   • Heliozincography was widely used for map reproduction, especially by government survey departments, including the Survey of India and the Ordnance Survey in Britain. It allowed the mass production of accurate and detailed maps.
   • For example, the Survey of India under Colonel Sidney Gerald Burrard would have used heliozincography or similar methods to reproduce maps from surveys like the 1911 Baramulla and Anantnag survey.
4. Advantages:
   • Cost-effectiveness: Zinc plates were cheaper to produce than copper or stone plates.
   • Speed: It allowed for quicker production of multiple copies, which was especially useful for distributing maps and technical drawings.
   • Precision: The photographic component of the process ensured a high degree of accuracy in reproducing details.
5. Process:
   • The original image (such as a map or drawing) was photographed, and the photographic image was chemically transferred onto the surface of the zinc plate.
   • The plate was then treated with chemicals so that only the lines or details to be printed remained on the surface, while the rest was etched away.
   • Ink would adhere to the raised parts of the plate, and the image would be transferred onto paper through a printing press.

Historical Use:

• Survey of India: The heliozincograph was widely used by the Survey of India for producing accurate and reproducible maps of regions such as Kashmir. Given the difficulty in producing detailed maps of mountainous terrain, the precision of this process was essential for both administrative and military purposes.
• Ordnance Survey: In the UK, heliozincography was used by the Ordnance Survey to reproduce topographical maps with the necessary detail for military and civilian use.

Conclusion:

Heliozincography played a crucial role in the mass production of accurate, detailed maps and technical drawings in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It combined the emerging technology of photography with traditional zinc plate printing, providing a fast, cost-effective method for disseminating important geographical and technical information, particularly in fields like cartography.

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