Map Of Amerique Du Sud Edited By Henry Barrere

Editor: Henry Barrere
Price: £175
Publisher: Maison Andriveau-Goujon
Publication Date: 1898
Edition: New edition
Format: Original engraving
Scale: circa 1 inch to 200km
Condition: Very good indeed, unframed
Sheet Size: 96.3cm x 69.4cm when opened

Condition:

A colour-engraved large French folding map of South America. Backed on linen with 21 folds. With much detail and showing the location of icebergs from 1841-1855. Title written to the reverse in coloured pencil. Slight age-toning and minor foxing. Pin holes to the corners. Overall in very good indeed, bright, clean condition.

South America in 1898: A Brief Account

South America in 1898 was a continent in transition, marked by political consolidation, economic expansion, and the beginning of significant social changes. By the end of the 19th century, most South American nations had been independent for several decades, following their liberation from Spanish and Portuguese rule earlier in the century. The year 1898 falls in a period of nation-building, territorial disputes, and increasing economic development fuelled by exports of natural resources.

Political Landscape

1. Independent Republics: By 1898, most of South America consisted of independent republics. Countries like Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Peru had established their political independence early in the 19th century. However, the continent still faced internal and external conflicts regarding borders and political stability.
   • Argentina had emerged as a stable and growing country after decades of internal conflict and civil wars. Its constitution had been established in 1853, and Buenos Aires had become the capital. By 1898, the country was booming economically, largely due to its exports of beef and grain.
   • Brazil, which had become a republic in 1889 following the abolition of the monarchy under Emperor Pedro II, was still navigating its way through this significant political transition. The country was also benefitting from coffee exports, which were transforming the economy.
   • Chile was continuing to expand its influence after its victory in the War of the Pacific (1879–1884), which had resulted in the acquisition of valuable nitrate-rich territories from Bolivia and Peru.
2. Territorial Disputes: Many countries in South America had disputes over borders that persisted throughout the 19th century. Some of these disputes would continue into the 20th century.
   • Peru and Chile had unresolved tensions from the War of the Pacific, and Bolivia remained a landlocked country after losing access to the Pacific Ocean.
   • Colombia and Venezuela were engaged in territorial issues, while Ecuador had disputes with both Colombia and Peru over its borders.

   Despite these conflicts, South America avoided large-scale wars between countries at the end of the 19th century, focusing more on internal development and regional consolidation.

Economic Development

1. Export-Led Growth: The late 19th century saw a boom in the export of natural resources and agricultural products from South America, particularly to Europe and North America. The continent’s economy was largely dependent on exporting goods such as:
   • Argentina exported beef and grain, and its economic growth attracted many European immigrants.
   • Brazil became the world’s largest coffee exporter, and rubber from the Amazon also became an important export.
   • Chile exported nitrates and copper, both of which were in high demand.

   This export-led growth led to the development of railways, ports, and infrastructure in many South American countries. Foreign investment, especially from Britain, was significant in the development of these industries.

2. Social Changes and Immigration: Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay experienced significant waves of immigration from Europe during this period, especially from Italy and Spain. Immigrants contributed to the workforce in agriculture and urban industries, helping to transform the social fabric of these countries.

   In Argentina, immigration helped fuel rapid population growth and urbanisation, with Buenos Aires emerging as one of the largest cities in Latin America.

Social and Political Movements

1. Labour Movements: Industrialisation and the growth of export economies led to the rise of labour movements. Workers in industries like agriculture, mining, and manufacturing began to organise and demand better wages and working conditions. Labour strikes and protests were becoming more frequent by the late 1890s, particularly in the more industrialised parts of the continent like Argentina and Chile.
2. Political Reforms: Some countries were experimenting with political reforms aimed at modernising their political systems. However, many nations still grappled with caudillismo (strongman rule), oligarchic control, and political instability. In Brazil, for example, the transition from monarchy to republic brought hopes of democratic reforms, but political power remained in the hands of a rural elite, and social reforms were limited.

Geopolitical Context

1. United States and the Spanish-American War: In 1898, the United States defeated Spain in the Spanish-American War, which resulted in the US gaining control of former Spanish colonies such as Puerto Rico and Cuba in the Caribbean. While the direct effects on South America were limited, the war marked the beginning of increased US interest in Latin American affairs, leading to the development of the US’s role as a regional power, which would intensify in the 20th century.
2. European Influence: European powers, particularly Britain, maintained a strong economic influence in South America, especially through investments in railways, mining, and agriculture. While formal colonial control was mostly absent (apart from French Guiana and British Guiana), European countries were deeply involved in South America’s economic affairs.

Cultural Developments

1. Literature and Arts: The 19th century was a period of cultural flourishing in many South American countries. Writers such as José Martí in Cuba and Rubén Darío in Nicaragua (influencing Latin American culture as a whole) were gaining prominence in their respective fields. The late 19th century saw the rise of modernismo, a literary movement that spread across Latin America, focusing on breaking away from traditional European influences and exploring new forms of expression.
2. Education and Intellectual Movements: There was also a growing focus on education, with many South American countries establishing universities and institutions aimed at educating the middle class. Intellectuals played an important role in advocating for social reforms and national identity.

Conclusion

South America in 1898 was a continent on the move, shaped by its colonial past but looking towards a future of economic expansion and political consolidation. The region was increasingly connected to the global economy through exports and foreign investment, but it also faced challenges related to social inequality, political instability, and unresolved territorial disputes. The close of the 19th century would set the stage for significant changes in the 20th century, as many countries began to grapple with modernisation and the complexities of a globalised world.

Maison Andriveau-Goujon: A Brief Description

Maison Andriveau-Goujon was a prominent French cartographic publishing house, founded in the early 19th century by the Parisian cartographer Eugène Andriveau-Goujon. It became well-known for producing high-quality maps, atlases, and geographical works. The firm played a significant role in the flourishing field of cartography during the 19th century, a time of great advancements in geographical knowledge and mapping techniques.

Early History

The Andriveau-Goujon family established themselves as reputable mapmakers in the early 1800s, continuing a tradition of cartography that was gaining momentum with the rise of exploration and empire-building. France, during this period, was a centre for scientific advancements, with a growing need for precise geographical information for both domestic and colonial use.

Initially, the house operated under the name of Goujon and later became Maison Andriveau-Goujon after Eugène Andriveau-Goujon took over the business. Eugène was known for his detailed and aesthetically appealing maps, which combined scientific accuracy with artistic quality.

Contributions to Cartography

Maison Andriveau-Goujon specialised in producing wall maps, atlases, and globes, which were used for both educational and decorative purposes. Their maps covered various regions of the world, often focusing on political boundaries, physical geography, and routes of exploration. These maps were characterised by their attention to detail, meticulous engraving, and the use of vibrant colours to differentiate regions.

One of their most notable contributions was the publication of world maps that depicted the latest geographical discoveries of the time. They were particularly renowned for their large-format wall maps, which were used in educational institutions and by government bodies, merchants, and explorers. The firm also produced atlases that were highly regarded for their comprehensive coverage and updated geographical information.

Expansion and Influence

During the 19th century, France was heavily involved in colonial expansion, and cartographers like Maison Andriveau-Goujon were integral in documenting these newly acquired territories. Their maps played a crucial role in providing information on colonial regions, aiding in navigation and the administration of distant lands.

Maison Andriveau-Goujon also created thematic maps, such as those showing transportation networks, geological formations, or demographic distributions. These were increasingly in demand as Europe industrialised and scientific exploration flourished. The firm’s works were displayed in exhibitions and were considered prestigious items for collectors and educational institutions.

Legacy and Decline

Maison Andriveau-Goujon remained a significant player in the cartographic industry throughout the 19th century, surviving the transition from hand-drawn maps to lithographic printing. However, as the century progressed, the rise of more modern cartographic techniques and the increased competition from other European publishers led to a gradual decline in the prominence of traditional cartography firms like Maison Andriveau-Goujon.

By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the business diminished as the map-making industry shifted towards mass production and more precise techniques such as photogrammetry. Despite this, the maps and atlases produced by Maison Andriveau-Goujon remain valuable collector’s items today, admired for their historical significance and artistic beauty.

Notable Works

Some of the notable works produced by Maison Andriveau-Goujon include:

• Carte Générale de la France, a detailed map of France, which was regularly updated to reflect the latest changes in political boundaries and infrastructure.
• Atlas Classique Universel, an atlas that featured maps of continents, countries, and regions around the world, often used for educational purposes.
• Various large-format wall maps depicting the world, Europe, and colonial regions, which were highly regarded for their clarity and detail.

Conclusion

Maison Andriveau-Goujon played an important role in the development of 19th-century cartography, providing high-quality maps that were used by educators, explorers, and governments. The firm’s detailed and artistic approach to map-making remains appreciated by collectors and historians today, offering a window into the geographical understanding and artistic sensibilities of their time.

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