PROVINCE MAP OF PUNJAB AND BAHAWALPUR – FIRST EDITION – PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SURVEYOR GENERAL OF PAKISTAN 1953

Publisher: The Survey Of Pakistan, Risalpur
Price: £550
Publication Date: 1953
Edition: 1st edition
Format: Colour printed
Condition: In very good condition, unframed
Sheet Size: Sheet Size: 63.3cm x 85.5cm
Scale: 1:1000000 or 1 inch to 15.78 miles

Condition:

A detailed map of the region on a good scale of 1 inch to 15.78 miles. Original fold lines and creasing. Minor wear to the fold intersections with a very minor amount of loss. A few areas of very minor age toning and marks. Reverse is blank with very minor age toning and marks. In very good, original and unrestored condition. Very scarce.

Location: Map Drawer C: FS: Folder 1220 002506

The Punjab And Bahawalpur After 1947: A Brief History

After the Partition of British India in 1947, the Punjab and Bahawalpur underwent significant transformations, both politically and socioeconomically. The region, which had been part of British India, was divided between the newly independent nations of India and Pakistan. This division had profound implications for the Punjab province and the princely state of Bahawalpur, shaping their trajectories within the newly formed Pakistan.

Punjab after 1947

1. Partition and Migration:
   The division of Punjab into Indian Punjab and Pakistani Punjab was marked by immense upheaval. The Radcliffe Line, which demarcated the border, split Punjab into two regions: the eastern portion became part of India, while the western portion was integrated into Pakistan. This division triggered one of the largest migrations in human history. Millions of Muslims migrated to West Punjab (Pakistan), while Hindus and Sikhs moved to East Punjab (India). The migration was accompanied by widespread violence, loss of life, and destruction of property.
2. Reorganisation within Pakistan:
   West Punjab became the largest and most populous province of Pakistan, playing a central role in the country’s politics and economy. Lahore, which remained in Pakistan, became the provincial capital and a key cultural and economic hub. The region’s fertile land and extensive canal systems allowed agriculture to thrive, making Punjab the breadbasket of Pakistan.
3. Ethnic and Religious Transformation:
   The migration and partition altered the demographic landscape of Punjab. West Punjab became overwhelmingly Muslim, with the departure of Hindu and Sikh populations. The cultural identity of the province began to centre around Islam, and it played a significant role in shaping the national identity of Pakistan.
4. Economic Development:
   Post-Partition, Punjab saw rapid development in agriculture, industry, and education. Major cities such as Lahore, Faisalabad, and Multan became centres of trade and manufacturing. The introduction of modern irrigation systems further boosted agricultural productivity.

Bahawalpur after 1947

1. Princely State under the Nawabs:
   At the time of Partition, Bahawalpur was a princely state ruled by the Nawab. It was one of the wealthiest and most strategically significant princely states, located in the southern part of what is now Punjab, Pakistan. The state initially retained its semi-autonomous status, as princely states were allowed to decide whether to join India, Pakistan, or remain independent.
2. Accession to Pakistan:
   In October 1947, the Nawab of Bahawalpur, Sadiq Mohammad Khan V, decided to accede to Pakistan. The accession agreement allowed the state to maintain a degree of internal autonomy while becoming part of the new nation. This decision aligned Bahawalpur with the broader Muslim-majority regions of Pakistan.
3. Integration into Pakistan:
   In 1955, Bahawalpur was fully merged into the province of West Pakistan as part of the One Unit Policy, which sought to consolidate the provinces of West Pakistan into a single administrative unit. This integration marked the end of Bahawalpur’s princely status and brought its administration under the central government.
4. Economic and Agricultural Contributions:
   Bahawalpur, known for its vast deserts, fertile lands, and unique cultural heritage, contributed significantly to Pakistan’s economy. The region became a major producer of crops like cotton, wheat, and sugarcane, thanks to its canal-based irrigation system. Its strategic location near the Sutlej River further enhanced its agricultural potential.
5. Cultural Legacy:
   Despite its integration, Bahawalpur retained a distinct cultural identity. The legacy of the Nawabs is visible in its architecture, including palaces like Noor Mahal and Darbar Mahal. The city of Bahawalpur also became a centre for Islamic education and traditional crafts.

Significance of the Region

Together, Punjab and Bahawalpur formed the heart of Pakistan’s economy, culture, and politics. Punjab, as the most populous province, wielded considerable influence in the national political landscape, while Bahawalpur added to the country’s agricultural and cultural richness. The integration of these regions into Pakistan marked the beginning of their shared journey as critical components of the nation’s development.

Despite the challenges of Partition, both Punjab and Bahawalpur adapted to their new realities, contributing to the overall growth and stability of Pakistan. Their histories remain a testament to resilience and transformation in the face of profound change.

The Survey Of Pakistan: A Brief History

The Survey of Pakistan is the national mapping agency of Pakistan, with a history deeply intertwined with the evolution of cartography in South Asia and the development of Pakistan as a nation. Its legacy dates back to the colonial era and has evolved over time to meet the cartographic and geospatial needs of the country.

Colonial Roots: Survey of India

• The Survey of Pakistan traces its origins to the Survey of India, which was established in 1767 by the British East India Company.
• The Survey of India was one of the oldest scientific institutions in the region, undertaking extensive mapping of the Indian subcontinent for administrative, military, and revenue purposes.
• Key achievements of the Survey of India included the Great Trigonometrical Survey (1802–1871), which accurately mapped vast stretches of the subcontinent, including the measurement of the heights of the Himalayan peaks, such as Mount Everest.

Post-Partition Establishment (1947)

• Following the Partition of British India in 1947, the assets and responsibilities of the Survey of India were divided between India and the newly created Pakistan.
• The Survey of Pakistan was formally established in August 1947, inheriting a portion of the infrastructure, equipment, and expertise from the Survey of India.
• The initial mandate of the organisation was to create and update maps for the newly formed country, focusing on defining its international boundaries, administrative divisions, and infrastructure.

Early Challenges

1. Boundary Demarcation:
   • One of the primary tasks was the demarcation of international boundaries, particularly the Radcliffe Line, which separated Pakistan from India.
   • Mapping and resolving border disputes with India, Afghanistan, and Iran were critical tasks in the early years.
2. Resource Constraints:
   • Pakistan inherited limited resources, including outdated maps and equipment, which posed significant challenges to the newly formed survey organisation.
   • Recruiting and training a skilled workforce was a priority during this period.

Expansion and Modernisation

• Over time, the Survey of Pakistan grew into a comprehensive organisation responsible for topographic mapping, geodetic surveys, and aerial photography.
• 1960s: The use of aerial photography was introduced to enhance accuracy in mapping, particularly for urban planning and infrastructure development.
• 1970s and 1980s: The agency adopted electronic surveying equipment, such as theodolites and distance measuring devices, to improve efficiency.
• 1990s: Transition to digital cartography began, with the integration of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and satellite imagery into its operations.

Key Functions and Responsibilities

1. Topographic Mapping:
   • Produces maps covering the entire country at various scales, including 1:50,000 and 1:250,000.
   • These maps are essential for defence, urban planning, and disaster management.
2. Geodetic Surveys:
   • Establishes and maintains the national geodetic framework, which forms the basis for mapping and construction projects.
3. Boundary Demarcation:
   • Plays a key role in resolving boundary disputes and maintaining records of international borders with India, Afghanistan, China, and Iran.
4. Cadastral Surveys:
   • Provides detailed land surveys for property demarcation, agricultural planning, and revenue collection.
5. Aerial Photography and Satellite Imagery:
   • Utilises aerial and satellite data for urban planning, environmental monitoring, and disaster risk management.
6. Digital Cartography:
   • Develops digital maps and geospatial databases to support government agencies and private enterprises.

Significant Contributions

1. Indus Waters Treaty (1960):
   • The Survey of Pakistan was instrumental in creating detailed maps of river basins to support negotiations and implementation of the treaty between India and Pakistan.
2. Gwadar Port Development:
   • Provided mapping and geodetic data for the planning and development of Gwadar Port, a key project in Pakistan’s economic growth.
3. Disaster Response:
   • Contributed to mapping flood-prone areas and preparing disaster management plans during events like the 2010 floods.
4. Urban Development:
   • Collaborated with municipal authorities to map and plan major cities such as Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad.

Modern Era

• Today, the Survey of Pakistan is a leader in geospatial services, leveraging advanced technologies such as GIS, Remote Sensing, and Global Positioning Systems (GPS).
• The agency supports major national projects, including China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), through accurate and detailed mapping.

Headquarters and Structure

• Headquarters: Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
• Regional Offices: Located in major cities, including Karachi, Lahore, and Quetta, to facilitate nationwide operations.
• Training Institute: Provides education and training in geodesy, cartography, and GIS for its workforce and other government officials.

Significance

The Survey of Pakistan plays a pivotal role in the nation’s development, ensuring accurate and reliable geospatial data for policymaking, defence, disaster management, and economic planning. Its evolution from colonial roots to a modern mapping agency highlights its enduring importance in shaping Pakistan’s infrastructure and national identity.

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