RAWALPINDI AND SURROUNDINGS – FIRST EDITION – PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF M N A HASHMI THE SURVEYOR GENERAL OF PAKISTAN 1960

Surveyor: M. N. A. Hashmi, Surveyor General
Publisher: The Survey Of Pakistan, Risalpur
Price: £450
Publication Date: 1960
Edition: 1st edition
Format: Colour printed
Condition: In near fine condition, unframed
Sheet Size: Sheet Size: 62.8cm x 65.2cm
Scale: 1:500000 or 1 inch to 8 miles

Condition:

A detailed map of the region on a good scale of 1 inch to 8 miles. Shows the State of Jammu and Kashmir to the east which was still in dispute at this time. Its accession to India or Pakistan had not yet been decided by 1960. Original fold lines and creasing. Reverse is blank with very minor age toning and marks. In near fine, original and unrestored condition. Very scarce.

Location: Map Drawer C: FS: Folder 1220 002507

Rawalpindi In 1960: A Brief Account

After 1947, Rawalpindi, a city steeped in history and strategic importance, underwent significant transformations as part of Pakistan. The Partition of British India and the creation of Pakistan marked a new chapter for Rawalpindi, positioning it as a key military, administrative, and economic hub in the new nation.

Immediate Impact of Partition

1. Demographic Changes:
   The Partition triggered massive population movements, and Rawalpindi, like many cities in Punjab, experienced an influx of Muslim refugees from India. Hindus and Sikhs, who had constituted a significant part of the city’s population, migrated to India. This demographic shift made Rawalpindi a predominantly Muslim city, reshaping its cultural and social fabric.
2. Refugee Settlement:
   The city became a key settlement area for refugees, leading to the rapid expansion of its urban areas. Camps were set up to accommodate the displaced population, and new residential areas were gradually developed.

Role as a Military Hub

1. GHQ Relocation:
   Following Pakistan’s independence, Rawalpindi became the headquarters of the Pakistan Army, with the establishment of the General Headquarters (GHQ). This move solidified the city’s position as the military nerve centre of the country.
2. Defence Infrastructure:
   The city saw the development of extensive military infrastructure, including barracks, training centres, and strategic offices. The military’s presence greatly influenced the city’s economy and urban planning.
3. Strategic Importance:
   Due to its proximity to Pakistan’s northern frontiers and the Kashmir region, Rawalpindi was strategically positioned for defence operations. This became particularly significant during conflicts with India, such as the wars in 1948, 1965, and 1971.

Administrative and Political Significance

1. Interim Capital Status:
   Between 1959 and 1963, Rawalpindi served as the interim capital of Pakistan while Islamabad was under construction. During this period, it hosted key government offices and diplomatic missions. This temporary status brought infrastructural development and increased national prominence.
2. Proximity to Islamabad:
   With the establishment of Islamabad in the 1960s, Rawalpindi became part of the twin cities, serving as a complement to the new federal capital. The close proximity fostered economic growth, as many people working in Islamabad settled in Rawalpindi.

Economic Development

1. Commercial Growth:
   Post-Partition, Rawalpindi emerged as a major commercial and trade centre. Its bustling bazaars, such as Raja Bazaar and Saddar, became hubs for goods and services catering to the growing population.
2. Industrial Expansion:
   The city saw the establishment of industries, particularly in textiles, leather goods, and light manufacturing. The industrial areas of Rawalpindi contributed to employment and economic growth in the region.
3. Transportation and Connectivity:
   As a key node on Pakistan’s railway network, Rawalpindi became a vital transportation hub, linking northern regions with the rest of the country. Its road network also expanded, connecting it to major cities and fostering trade.

Urbanisation and Infrastructure

1. Population Growth:
   The city’s population expanded rapidly due to migration and economic opportunities. This growth necessitated urban planning and the development of residential areas such as Satellite Town, Chaklala, and Westridge.
2. Healthcare and Education:
   Institutions like the Rawalpindi Medical College and the Holy Family Hospital were established or expanded, enhancing the city’s educational and healthcare facilities.
3. Public Services:
   The city developed essential services such as water supply, electricity, and public transport, although the rapid urbanisation also brought challenges such as traffic congestion and overcrowding.

Cultural and Historical Preservation

1. Cultural Legacy:
   Despite modernisation, Rawalpindi retained its historical charm with landmarks such as the Raja Bazaar, Liaquat Bagh, and ancient Hindu and Sikh temples. These sites reflect the city’s diverse historical and cultural heritage.
2. Liaquat Ali Khan Assassination:
   The assassination of Pakistan’s first Prime Minister, Liaquat Ali Khan, in 1951 at Company Bagh (later renamed Liaquat Bagh) was a pivotal moment in Pakistan’s political history. This event linked Rawalpindi to a significant episode in the nation’s early years.

Modern Role and Challenges

1. Twin City Relationship:
   Rawalpindi’s role as a twin city to Islamabad has continued to grow, with many residents commuting between the two for work and education. This has fostered economic interdependence but also placed pressure on Rawalpindi’s infrastructure.
2. Economic Hub:
   Today, Rawalpindi remains a bustling economic hub with a vibrant commercial sector, particularly in trade, transportation, and services. Its strategic location near Islamabad ensures its continued relevance in Pakistan’s economy.
3. Urban Challenges:
   The rapid urbanisation and population growth have led to issues such as housing shortages, traffic congestion, and environmental degradation. Efforts to address these challenges include road expansions, housing schemes, and modern urban planning initiatives.

Significance of Rawalpindi

Rawalpindi’s journey since 1947 reflects its resilience and adaptability. It has played a critical role in Pakistan’s military, political, and economic development, while also preserving its historical and cultural identity. As a dynamic city with deep historical roots, Rawalpindi continues to be a vital part of Pakistan’s national fabric.

Jammu And Kashmir States In 1960: A Brief Account

In 1960, the state of Jammu and Kashmir occupied a unique and complex position in South Asia. As a region with historical, cultural, and geopolitical significance, it was a focal point of contention between India and Pakistan, stemming from the events of Partition in 1947. By 1960, the state’s political landscape, socio-economic development, and international status were shaped by the Kashmir conflict, the geopolitical strategies of India and Pakistan, and the broader context of the Cold War.

Political Status and Administration

1. Division of the State:
   The princely state of Jammu and Kashmir had been divided between India and Pakistan following the first Indo-Pak war (1947–1948) and the subsequent ceasefire brokered by the United Nations in 1949.
   • Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir: This comprised Jammu, the Kashmir Valley, and Ladakh, collectively forming the state of Jammu and Kashmir within the Indian Union.
   • Pakistani-administered areas: This included Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) and the Northern Areas (now Gilgit-Baltistan), administered separately from Pakistan’s provincial structure.
2. Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir:
   • The state had special autonomy under Article 370 of the Indian Constitution, which granted it significant independence in internal matters, including its own constitution, flag, and laws.
   • Sheikh Abdullah, the influential leader of the National Conference, had been dismissed and arrested in 1953, and Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad served as the Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir in 1960. His administration was aligned with the Indian central government and promoted economic and developmental policies.
3. Pakistani-administered Jammu and Kashmir:
   • Azad Jammu and Kashmir operated as a self-governing territory under Pakistan’s oversight, with its own president and legislature.
   • The Northern Areas were administered directly by Pakistan, lacking a representative government at the time.
4. International Perspective:
   • The Kashmir issue remained a point of contention at the United Nations, where resolutions had called for a plebiscite to determine the region’s future. However, disagreements between India and Pakistan over the terms of the plebiscite and demilitarisation stalled progress.
   • By 1960, the Kashmir dispute was entrenched as a central aspect of India-Pakistan relations, contributing to mutual hostility and periodic border tensions.

Socio-Economic Development

1. Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir:
   • Efforts were made to modernise agriculture, improve infrastructure, and promote education under Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad’s leadership.
   • Land reforms initiated in the 1950s, including the abolition of feudal estates, aimed to address historical inequities in land ownership and empower small farmers, particularly in the Kashmir Valley.
   • Srinagar, the summer capital, continued to be a centre of trade, tourism, and culture, while Jammu, the winter capital, focused on administrative and economic activities.
2. Pakistani-administered Jammu and Kashmir:
   • The economy of Azad Jammu and Kashmir relied heavily on subsistence agriculture, with limited industrialisation.
   • Infrastructure development was slower compared to Indian-administered areas, though efforts were made to improve connectivity and services.

Geopolitical and Strategic Importance

1. Cold War Context:
   The region’s strategic location, bordering China, Afghanistan, and the Soviet Union, heightened its importance during the Cold War. Both India and Pakistan sought support from global powers, with Pakistan aligning closely with the United States and China, and India pursuing a policy of non-alignment but maintaining relations with the Soviet Union.
2. Sino-Indian Relations:
   • In 1960, tensions between India and China over territorial disputes in Ladakh and Aksai Chin were escalating. The construction of the Chinese road through Aksai Chin in the 1950s had already led to friction, setting the stage for the Sino-Indian War of 1962.
   • Pakistan began strengthening its ties with China, partially influenced by its rivalry with India.

Cultural and Social Landscape

1. Religious and Ethnic Diversity:
   • Jammu and Kashmir remained a mosaic of religious and ethnic communities.
   • The Kashmir Valley was predominantly Muslim, Jammu had a Hindu majority, and Ladakh was a mix of Buddhist and Shia Muslim populations.
   • This diversity, while enriching, also posed challenges for governance and unity.
2. Tourism and Handicrafts:
   • Tourism was a significant contributor to the economy in Indian-administered Kashmir, with the Valley’s natural beauty attracting visitors.
   • Traditional crafts, including shawl weaving, wood carving, and papier-mâché, flourished and were a source of livelihood for many.

Challenges and Tensions

1. India-Pakistan Rivalry:
   • The Kashmir dispute continued to be a flashpoint for military and diplomatic conflicts.
   • Both nations reinforced their military presence along the ceasefire line (later known as the Line of Control).
2. Developmental Disparities:
   • Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir witnessed more significant developmental efforts compared to Pakistani-administered regions, leading to economic disparities within the broader state.
3. Local Discontent:
   • In Indian-administered Kashmir, discontent simmered over the erosion of autonomy and perceived marginalisation of local political voices, despite efforts to portray developmental progress.
   • In Pakistani-administered areas, the lack of full political representation in the Northern Areas was a growing concern.

By 1960, Jammu and Kashmir remained a region defined by its beauty, cultural richness, and strategic importance, but it was also deeply entangled in the geopolitical rivalries of the subcontinent. The socio-political dynamics and developmental initiatives of this period laid the groundwork for future developments and ongoing tensions in the region.

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